• Southerst D
• Yu H
• Randhawa K
• Côté P
• D’Angelo K
• Shearer HM
• Wong JJ
• Sutton D
• Varatharajan S
• Goldgrub R
• Dion S
• Cox J
• Menta R
• Brown CK
• Stern PJ
• Stupar M
• Carroll LJ
• Taylor-Vaisey A

• Affiliation / Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation (CDPR), Ontario Tech University and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC)
• Lower Extremity / injuries
• Manipulation, Extremities
• Musculoskeletal Manipulations
• Open Access Document
• Review Literature as Topic
• Soft Tissue Injuries / therapy
• Sprains and Strains
• Treatment Outcome
• Upper Extremity / injuries

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) of the upper and lower extremities are common in the general population and place a significant burden on the health care system. Manual therapy is recommended by clinical practice guidelines for the management of these injuries; however, there is limited evidence to support its effectiveness. The purpose of our review was to investigate the effectiveness of manual therapy in adults or children with MSDs of the upper or lower extremity.

Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case–control studies evaluating the effectiveness of manual therapy were eligible. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1990 to 2015. Paired reviewers screened studies for relevance and critically appraised relevant studies using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria. Studies with low risk of bias were synthesized following best-evidence synthesis principles. Where available, we computed mean changes between groups, relative risks and 95 % CI.

Results: We screened 6047 articles. Seven RCTs were critically appraised and three had low risk of bias. For adults with nonspecific shoulder pain of variable duration, cervicothoracic spinal manipulation and mobilization in addition to usual care may improve self-perceived recovery compared to usual care alone. For adults with subacromial impingement syndrome of variable duration, neck mobilization in addition to a multimodal shoulder program of care provides no added benefit. Finally, for adults with grade I-II ankle sprains of variable duration, lower extremity mobilization in addition to home exercise and advice provides greater short-term improvements in activities and function over home exercise and advice alone. No studies were included that evaluated the effectiveness of manual therapy in children or for the management of other extremity injuries in adults.

Conclusions: The current evidence on the effectiveness of manual therapy for MSDs of the upper and lower extremities is limited. The available evidence supports the use of manual therapy for non-specific shoulder pain and ankle sprains, but not for subacromial impingement syndrome in adults. Future research is needed to determine the effectiveness of manual therapy and guide clinical practice.

Note: The OPTIMa Collaboration is an initiative of the UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation.

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