• Cook A
• Moss T
• Malaya C

• Open Access Document
• Osteoporosis

Objective: Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease worldwide. Although preventable and treatable, the incidence continues to rise. Fractureassociated pain, disability, and premature death are predicted to substantially increase over the next decades. This review is structured to address five primary topics related to osteoporosis: etiology, diagnostics, risk factors, prevention, and treatment, as well as general recommendations.

Method: Literature searches via PubMed and Google Scholar were performed with the following key words: osteoporosis, osteopenia, bone mineral density, DXA, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, bone markers, diet, exercise, hormonal impact, calcium, micronutrients, vitamin D, vitamin K, bone wasting medications, osteoporosis drugs, risk factors.

Results: In total, 188 articles were selected. Given the range of etiologies, a single protocol treatment is rarely effective. This paper discusses the many tools for prevention, diagnostics and treatment accessible to chiropractors that can impart both short- and long-term benefit.

Conclusion: A comprehensive approach to management addressing risk factors, natural compounds, nutrition, and lifestyle modifications, have been shown to be highly effective for this multifactorial disease.

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